Zofunikira zapadera zopangira mankhwala pamapampu ndi awa.
(1) Kukwaniritsa zofunika za ndondomeko ya mankhwala
Popanga mankhwala, pampu sikuti imangogwira ntchito yotumizira zinthu, komanso imaperekanso dongosololi ndi kuchuluka kwazinthu zofunikira kuti zigwirizane ndi zomwe zimachitika komanso kuti zigwirizane ndi zovuta zomwe zimafunikira.Pokhapokha kuti kuchuluka kwa kupanga sikunasinthe, kuyenda ndi mutu wa mpope ziyenera kukhala zokhazikika.Kapangidwe kameneka kakasinthasintha chifukwa cha zinthu zina, kuthamanga ndi kutuluka kwa mpope kungasinthenso moyenerera, ndipo pampu imakhala yogwira ntchito kwambiri.
(2) Kukana dzimbiri
Sing'anga yomwe imaperekedwa ndi mapampu amankhwala, kuphatikiza zida zopangira ndi zinthu zapakatikati, ndiyomwe imawononga kwambiri.Ngati zinthu za pampu zimasankhidwa molakwika, zigawozo zidzawonongeka ndi zosavomerezeka pamene pampu ikugwira ntchito, ndipo mpope sungathe kupitiriza kugwira ntchito.
Pazinthu zina zamadzimadzi, ngati palibe zitsulo zosagwirizana ndi dzimbiri, zida zopanda zitsulo zingagwiritsidwe ntchito, monga pampu ya ceramic, pampu ya pulasitiki, pampu yokhala ndi mphira, ndi zina zotero.
Posankha zipangizo, m'pofunika kuganizira osati kukana dzimbiri, komanso katundu makina, machinability ndi mtengo.
(3) Kutentha kwakukulu ndi kukana kutentha kochepa
High kutentha sing'anga mankhwala ndi mpope mankhwala akhoza zambiri kugawidwa mu ndondomeko madzimadzi ndi kutentha chonyamulira madzimadzi.Njira yamadzimadzi imatanthawuza zamadzimadzi zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pokonza ndi kunyamula mankhwala.Madzi onyamula kutentha amatanthauza madzi apakatikati omwe amanyamula kutentha.Zakumwa zapakati izi, mumayendedwe otsekedwa, zimayendetsedwa ndi ntchito ya mpope, zimatenthedwa ndi ng'anjo yotenthetsera kuti zikweze kutentha kwamadzi apakati, kenako zimazungulira ku nsanja kuti zipereke kutentha kwamankhwala molakwika.
Madzi, mafuta a dizilo, mafuta opangira mafuta, chitsulo chosungunula, mercury, etc. angagwiritsidwe ntchito ngati madzi onyamula kutentha.Kutentha kwa sing'anga-kutentha kwambiri kuchitiridwa ndi mpope wamankhwala kumatha kufika 900 ℃.
Palinso mitundu yambiri ya cryogenic media yomwe imapopedwa ndi mapampu amadzimadzi, monga oxygen yamadzi, nayitrogeni yamadzi, argon yamadzimadzi, gasi wamadzimadzi, hydrogen, methane, ethylene, ndi zina zambiri. Kutentha kwa mpweya wopopedwa wamadzimadzi ndi pafupifupi -183 ℃.
Monga pampu yamankhwala yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito kutengera kutentha kwapamwamba komanso kutentha kwapakatikati, zipangizo zake ziyenera kukhala ndi mphamvu zokwanira komanso zokhazikika pa kutentha kwa chipinda, kutentha kwa malo ndi kutentha komaliza.Ndikofunikiranso kuti mbali zonse za mpope zitha kupirira kugwedezeka kwamafuta komanso kufalikira kwamafuta osiyanasiyana komanso zoopsa zoziziritsa kuzizira.
Pakakhala kutentha kwakukulu, pampu imayenera kukhala ndi bulaketi yapakati kuti zitsimikizire kuti mizere ya oyendetsa wamkulu ndi mpope nthawi zonse imakhala yokhazikika.
Shaft yapakatikati ndi chishango cha kutentha chidzayikidwa pamapampu otentha kwambiri komanso otsika kwambiri.
Pofuna kuchepetsa kutayika kwa kutentha, kapena kuteteza zinthu zakuthupi za sing'anga yonyamulidwa kuti isasinthe pambuyo pa kutayika kwakukulu kwa kutentha (monga kukhuthala kumawonjezeka ngati mafuta olemera amanyamulidwa popanda kusungidwa kutentha), wosanjikiza wotetezera ayenera kukhala kukhala kunja kwa chotengera cha mpope.
Sing'anga yamadzi yoperekedwa ndi pampu ya cryogenic nthawi zambiri imakhala yodzaza.Ikangotenga kutentha kwakunja, imasungunuka mwachangu, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti pampu isagwire ntchito moyenera.Izi zimafuna njira zochepetsera kutentha kwapampu ya cryogenic pampu.Perlite yowonjezera nthawi zambiri imagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati zinthu zotsika kutentha.
(4) Kuvala kukana
Kuvala kwa mapampu a mankhwala kumachitika chifukwa cha zolimba zoyimitsidwa mukuyenda kwamadzi othamanga kwambiri.Kuwonongeka ndi kuwonongeka kwa mapampu a mankhwala nthawi zambiri kumawonjezera dzimbiri.Chifukwa kukana dzimbiri kwa zitsulo zambiri ndi aloyi zimadalira filimu passivation pamwamba, kamodzi filimu passivation watha, chitsulo adzakhala adamulowetsa boma, ndi dzimbiri kuwonongeka mofulumira.
Pali njira ziwiri zowonjezeretsa kukana kwa mapampu a mankhwala: imodzi ndiyo kugwiritsa ntchito zida zolimba, nthawi zambiri zomwe zimawonongeka, monga chitsulo choponyera silicon;Chinacho ndikuphimba gawo lamkati la mpope ndi choyikapo nyali ndi mphira wofewa.Mwachitsanzo, pamapampu amankhwala okhala ndi abrasiveness kwambiri, monga alum ore slurry omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito kunyamula feteleza wa potaziyamu zopangira, chitsulo cha manganese ndi chitsulo cha ceramic chingagwiritsidwe ntchito ngati zida zopopera.
Pankhani yamapangidwe, chowongolera chotseguka chingagwiritsidwe ntchito kunyamula madzi abrasive.Chipolopolo chosalala cha pampu ndi njira yoyendetsera impeller ndizabwinonso kukana kuvala kwa mapampu amankhwala.
(5) Palibe kapena kutayikira pang'ono
Zambiri mwazinthu zamadzimadzi zomwe zimanyamulidwa ndi mapampu amadzimadzi zimatha kuyaka, zophulika komanso zapoizoni;Ma TV ena ali ndi zinthu zotulutsa ma radioactive.Ngati ma mediums awa atuluka mumlengalenga kuchokera ku mpope, amatha kuyambitsa moto kapena kuwononga thanzi la chilengedwe ndikuvulaza thupi la munthu.Makanema ena ndi okwera mtengo, ndipo kutayikira kudzawononga kwambiri.Chifukwa chake, mapampu amadzimadzi amafunikira kuti asatayike kapena kutayikira pang'ono, zomwe zimafunikira kugwira ntchito pa shaft chisindikizo cha mpope.Sankhani zida zosindikizira zabwino komanso makina osindikizira oyenera kuti muchepetse kutayikira kwa chisindikizo cha shaft;Ngati pampu yotetezedwa ndi pampu yosindikizira maginito yasankhidwa, chisindikizo cha shaft sichingadutse mumlengalenga.
(6) Ntchito yodalirika
The ntchito pampu mankhwala ndi odalirika, kuphatikizapo mbali ziwiri: nthawi yaitali ntchito popanda kulephera ndi ntchito khola magawo osiyanasiyana.Kugwira ntchito modalirika ndikofunikira pakupanga mankhwala.Ngati pampu nthawi zambiri imalephera, sizidzangoyambitsa kutsekedwa kawirikawiri, kumakhudza phindu lachuma, komanso nthawi zina kumayambitsa ngozi zachitetezo mu dongosolo la mankhwala.Mwachitsanzo, pampu yamafuta yaiwisi yapaipi yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati chonyamulira kutentha imayima mwadzidzidzi ikamathamanga, ndipo ng'anjoyo ilibe nthawi yozimitsa, zomwe zingapangitse chubu la ng'anjo kutenthedwa, kapena kuphulika, kupangitsa moto.
Kusinthasintha kwa liwiro la mpope kwa makampani opanga mankhwala kudzachititsa kusinthasintha kwa kuyenda ndi kuthamanga kwapopo, kotero kuti kupanga mankhwala sikungathe kugwira ntchito bwino, zomwe zimachitika mu dongosolo zimakhudzidwa, ndipo zipangizo sizingakhale bwino, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti ziwonongeke;Ngakhale kupanga khalidwe la mankhwala kuchepa kapena zinyalala.
Kwa fakitale yomwe ikufuna kukonzanso kamodzi pachaka, kayendedwe kosalekeza ka mpope nthawi zambiri sayenera kuchepera 8000h.Pofuna kukwaniritsa zofunikira pakukonzanso zaka zitatu zilizonse, API 610 ndi GB/T 3215 zimanena kuti kupitilira kwa mapampu apakati amafuta amafuta, mankhwala olemera ndi gasi achilengedwe azikhala zaka zosachepera zitatu.
(7) Wokhoza kunyamula madzi mumkhalidwe wovuta
Zamadzimadzi zomwe zili pachiwopsezo chovuta zimayamba kusungunuka kutentha kumakwera kapena kutsika kwamphamvu.Mapampu amankhwala nthawi zina amanyamula madzi pamavuto.Madziwo akasungunuka mu mpope, zimakhala zosavuta kuwononga cavitation, zomwe zimafuna kuti pampu ikhale ndi ntchito yotsutsa cavitation.Pa nthawi yomweyo, vaporization wa madzi angayambitse mikangano ndi chinkhoswe wa zazikulu ndi malo amodzi mbali pa mpope, amene amafuna lalikulu chilolezo.Pofuna kupewa kuwonongeka kwa makina chisindikizo, kunyamula chisindikizo, labyrinth chisindikizo, etc. chifukwa cha kukangana youma chifukwa vaporization madzi, mankhwala mpope ayenera kukhala ndi dongosolo kuti mokwanira utsi mpweya kwaiye mu mpope.
Pakuti mapampu kunyamula yovuta madzi sing'anga, ndi kutsinde chisindikizo kulongedza katundu akhoza kupangidwa ndi zipangizo ndi zabwino kudziona mafuta ntchito, monga PTFE, graphite, etc. Pakuti kutsinde dongosolo chisindikizo, kuwonjezera kulongedza chisindikizo, pawiri mapeto mawotchi chisindikizo kapena labyrinth chisindikizo akhoza. kugwiritsidwanso ntchito.Pamene pawiri mapeto mawotchi chisindikizo anatengera, patsekeke pakati pa mapeto a nkhope ziwiri wodzazidwa ndi yachilendo kusindikiza madzi;Chisindikizo cha labyrinth chikatengedwa, gasi wosindikiza ndi mphamvu inayake amatha kuyambitsidwa kuchokera kunja.Madzi osindikizira kapena mpweya wotsekera utsikira pampope, uyenera kukhala wopanda vuto kwa sing'anga yopoperayo, monga kutayikira mumlengalenga.Mwachitsanzo, methanol angagwiritsidwe ntchito ngati madzi osindikizira mu patsekeke wa pawiri nkhope makina chisindikizo pamene kunyamula ammonia madzi mu vuto lalikulu;
Nayitrojeni amatha kulowetsedwa mu chisindikizo cha labyrinth ponyamula ma hydrocarbon amadzimadzi omwe ndi osavuta kuwunda.
(8) Moyo wautali
Kamangidwe ka mpope nthawi zambiri ndi zaka 10.Malinga ndi API610 ndi GB/T3215, moyo wa mapangidwe a mapampu apakati amafuta amafuta, mankhwala olemera ndi gasi wachilengedwe ukhala zaka zosachepera 20.
Nthawi yotumiza: Dec-27-2022